The Caliphs were the rulers of the Islamic state, both the spiritual head and temporal ruler. Caliph actually means "successor", and in this instance it means successor to Muhammad the prophet and founder of Islam. Caliphs are given authority for temporal and spiritual matters, but could not exercise power related to religious doctrine. The Abbasids were an Arab family descended from Abbas, the uncle of Muhammad. read more

Between 475 and 450 BC, Morocco was colonized by the Carthaginians, who named it Barbary because of the Berber inhabitants. The Romans established a province, Mauretania Tingitana, during the 1st century ADin the area between Tangier and Rabat; however, Berbers remained in possession of the land in the mountains and south of Rabat. read more

Armenia was so closely associated with the crusader states that it can be properly considered with them. Christianity had been the state religion since King Tiridates III was converted by Gregory the Illuminator in 301 AD. At that time Tiridates declared Christianity as the national religion, the first country in the world to do so, some 20 years before Constantine the Great did the same for the Roman Empire. read more

Armenia was so closely associated with the crusader states that it can be properly considered with them. Christianity had been the state religion since King Tiridates III was converted by Gregory the Illuminator in 301 AD. At that time Tiridates declared Christianity as the national religion, the first country in the world to do so, some 20 years before Constantine the Great did the same for the Roman Empire. read more

Armenia was so closely associated with the crusader states that it can be properly considered with them. Christianity had been the state religion since King Tiridates III was converted by Gregory the Illuminator in 301 AD. At that time Tiridates declared Christianity as the national religion, the first country in the world to do so, some 20 years before Constantine the Great did the same for the Roman Empire. read more

Harun Ar-Rashid was the Fifth Caliph of the Abbasid Dynasty of Baghdâd. Ruling from 786 until 809, he succeeded to the throne, at the age of 20, on the death of his brother Al-Hadi. The period of his reign marked a notable development of culture. He is said to have exchanged gifts with Charlemagne. Harun was a generous patron of learning, poetry, and music, and his court was visited by the most eminent Muslims of the age. read more

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